Many early shopping arcades such as the Burlington Arcade in London, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, however, many smaller arcades have been demolished, replaced with large centers or malls, often accessible by vehicle. Technical innovations such as lighting and escalators were introduced from the late 19th century. From the late 20th century, entertainment venues such as movie theaters, as a single built structure, early shopping centers were often architecturally significant constructions, enabling wealthier patrons to buy goods in spaces protected from the weather.
In places around the world, the shopping centre is used, especially in Europe, Australia. Mall is a term used predominantly in North America, outside of North America, shopping precinct and shopping arcade are also used. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, malls are commonly referred to as shopping centres, the majority of British shopping centres are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets.
Large examples include West Quay in Southampton, Manchester Arndale, Bullring Birmingham, Liverpool One, Trinity Leeds, Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow and these centres were built in the s and s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks, planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success.
Bullring, Birmingham is the busiest shopping centre in the UK welcoming over One of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes from ancient Rome, One of the earliest public shopping centers is Trajans Market in Rome located in Trajans Forum.
Trajans Market was probably built around CE by Apollodorus of Damascus, the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4, shops. Numerous other covered shopping arcades, such as the 19th-century Al-Hamidiyah Souq in Damascus, Syria, isfahans Grand Bazaar, which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century.
The kilometer-long, covered Tehrans Grand Bazaar also has a lengthy history, the oldest continuously occupied shopping mall in the world is likely to be the Chester Rows. Dating back at least to the 13th century, these covered walkways housed shops, with storage, different rows specialized in different goods, such as Bakers Row or Fleshmongers Row.
Suburb — A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs.
The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in , in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area.
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The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city.
The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside.
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In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the midth century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex.
Harrow was reached in , and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in , it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway.
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However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in , with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter. Queensland — Queensland is the second-largest and third-most-populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Queensland has a population of 4,,, concentrated along the coast, the state is the worlds sixth largest sub-national entity, with an area of 1,, km2.
The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australias third largest city, often referred to as the Sunshine State, Queensland is home to 10 of Australias 30 largest cities and is the nations third largest economy. Tourism in the state, fuelled largely by its tropical climate, is a major industry. The colony of New South Wales was founded in by Governor Arthur Phillip at Sydney, New South Wales at that time included all of what is now Queensland, Queensland was explored in subsequent decades until the establishment of a penal colony at Brisbane in by John Oxley.
Penal transportation ceased in and free settlement was allowed from , the state was named in honour of Queen Victoria, who on 6 June signed Letters Patent separating the colony from New South Wales. The 6th of June is now celebrated statewide as Queensland Day. Queensland achieved statehood with the Federation of Australia on 1 January , the history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy indigenous presence, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. The north-eastern Australian region was explored by Dutch, Spanish and French navigators before being encountered by Lieutenant James Cook in , the Australian Labor Party has its origin as a formal organisation in Queensland and the town of Barcaldine is the symbolic birthplace of the party.
June marked the th anniversary of its creation as a colony from New South Wales. The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50, BC, likely via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait, during the last ice age Queenslands landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce. This led to the worlds first seed-grinding technology, warming again made the land hospitable, which brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the states tropical rainforests.
In February , Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa and this was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between European and Aboriginal Australian people. The region was explored by French and Spanish explorers prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of the United Kingdom on 22 August at Possession Island, naming Eastern Australia, including Queensland, the Aboriginal population declined significantly after a smallpox epidemic during the late 18th century.
It operates Target stores and Target Country stores across Australia making combined stores with its national store support office located in North Geelong, Victoria. Despite the similar logo, name and type of outlets, there is no connection to Target in the United States. The reason the United States and Australia can both have Target stores despite having no connection to other is that trademark law is not international but is on a country-by-country basis.
In Myer Emporium Ltd purchased the chain of 14 stores with the idea of re-inventing the chain as a discount department store, in March , it was renamed Target Australia Pty Ltd. In , Coles Myer merged the Target and Fosseys brands, then in , their second speciality store, Target Home opened. Store fittings and layouts were altered to reflect this change, in Target appointed Launa Inman as managing director, named Telstra Business Women of the Year in , a result of her achievements as an apparel retail buyer for the company.
In the press release, Inman explained, We all have a role to play in reducing our impact on the environment, one way is to reduce the use of plastic shopping bags in our business. Target stores currently issue over million plastic shopping bags each year to customers, In November , Dene Rogers, the former chief executive of North American retailer Sears Canada, replaced Inman as Targets managing director.
Their goal was to make an environment that made customers want to spend more time in stores. Throughout , another two stores re-opened at Eastland and Chadstone shopping centre, located in the eastern Melbourne suburbs, in , these renovations were removed from stores. It operates stores in Australia and 14 in New Zealand, with its office located in Mulgrave.
Kmart Australia Limited was born out of a joint venture between G. In Coles bought back all shares held by Kresge, a long-term licensing agreement allows Wesfarmers to use the Kmart name in Australia and New Zealand.
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In , Coles Group announced plans for Kmart, along with BI-LO, the first re-branded store was planned to open in , with 40 stores, mostly former Super K stores divided last decade into separate Coles and Kmart stores, reformed into Coles Superstores. Kmarts performance immediately prior to the Wesfarmers takeover was poor, in May , it reported a sales drop of 3.
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Most Kmarts have photo centres, which also allow Hewlett-Packards Snapfish customers to collect online orders, the photo centres have operated in conjunction with Hewlett-Packard since , after Kmart ended a year partnership with Kodak Australia. Kmart Tyre and Auto Service, is a chain of centres that specialises in automotive accessories, car servicing, tyres, check-ups. Historically, these stores are attached to a Kmart store. In Kmart began a roll-out of new store layouts, Garden plant sections were removed, and back of store areas were cut back.
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There was an expansion of floorspace to stock and an increase in the height of displays, the stores were given a more Department Store feel with front of shop checkouts replaced with an area for non-self serve customers to pay at in the centre of the store. Kmart Garden Super Centres specialised in garden, plants and garden furniture, most of these stores were standalone, big box stores in a warehouse format that sold Kmart manufactured or branded outdoor living items.
Founded in in Collingwood, Melbourne by George Coles, Coles operates supermarkets throughout Australia, Coles has over , employees and, together with rival Woolworths, accounts for more than 80 per cent of the Australian market. Coles Online is the online shopping service. Coles itself was founded when G. Coles opened the Coles Variety Store on 9 April on Smith Street in the Melbourne, further expansion occurred and Coles interest in food retailing was spurred in when it acquired 54 John Connell Dickins grocery stores.
In , the first supermarket was opened in the Melbourne suburb Balwyn North, at the corner of Burke, by , Coles had established stores in all Australian capital cities. From , its supermarkets were branded Coles New World with accompanying rocket imagery, in , the stores were rebranded Coles Supermarkets and from , simply as Coles.
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From to , the logo was seen as, Coles - Save Everyday, in , the logo was seen as, Coles From to present, the logo has just been seen as Coles. With Coles Myer CEO John Fletcher citing the move for better efficiency between the food and liquor departments and it also resulted in Craig Watkins retiring from the company. Newmart stores co-located with Coles in the area or shopping centre were sold to Foodland. The purchase was completed in early , in February , Wesfarmers appointed UK retailer Ian McLeod as managing director of Coles Supermarkets plus liquor, fuel and convenience businesses.
In February , Coles acquired National Australia Banks 50 per cent interest in Australias largest loyalty program FlyBuys, in September , Coles commenced stocking private label clothing in their stores with several stores receiving refits to accommodate the range. Based in Germany, the chain was founded by brothers Karl, the two operate independently, each within distinct geographical areas.
Both are among the worlds largest privately owned companies, in , they introduced the name Aldi, which is pronounced. One of Aldis direct competitors internationally is Lidl, the earliest roots of the company trace back to , when the mother of Karl and Theo Albrecht opened a small store in a suburb of Essen. Their father was employed as a miner and later as a bakers assistant, Karl Albrecht was born in , Theo Albrecht in Theo Albrecht completed an apprenticeship in his mothers store, while Karl Albrecht worked in a delicatessen, Karl Albrecht took over a food shop formerly run by F.
Judt who already advertised that they were the cheapest food source. Karl Albrecht served in the German Army during World War II, in , the brothers took over their mothers business and soon opened another retail outlet nearby. The market leaders at the time, which often were co-operatives, required their customers to collect rebate stamps, when the brothers split the company in over a dispute whether they should sell cigarettes, they owned shops with a cash flow of DM90 million yearly. After German reunification and the fall of the Iron Curtain Aldi experienced a rapid expansion, the brothers retired as CEOs in , control of the companies was placed in the hands of private family foundations, the Siepmann Foundation and the Markus Foundation.
The Aldi group operates over 8, stores worldwide, a store opens roughly every week in Britain alone. In September , Centro was restructured to become a security structure named Centro Properties Group. Centro was a stapled security comprising one unit in Centro Property Trust stapled to one share in Centro Properties Limited, galileo Funds Management Centro Watt Joint Venture After entering the United States market in late , Centro acquired, redeveloped and renovated a number of mall properties. Between and , Centro and its managed funds acquired MCSs property syndicate business and substantial portfolios of US convenience shopping centres, in addition, US joint venture facilities were also been similarly extended.
It was speculated that the American-based subprime mortgage meltdown was the cause of a decline in lending, while Centro also announced they would be solvent until at least February , shares in the group underwent a dramatic decline.