The lower part of the fountain shows three archangels defeating the allegorical figure of heresy , while the spire contains a statue of the Virgin and child. After an epidemic of cholera in , one of Louis Napoleon's highest priorities became improving the quality of the water of Paris.
At the time Paris had about sixty fountains supplying drinking water for the population, and a dozen fountains which were purely ornamental. During the Second Empire, as Baron Haussmann launched his reconstruction campaign, famous old fountains were relocated and rebuilt.
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In the Fontaine des Innocents was moved to a new, lower pedestal in the middle of the square, and six basins of flowing water were added on each side. Most of the new monumental fountains built during the reign of Louis Napoleon were the work of a single architect, Gabriel Davioud. He was responsible for the design of many of the squares, gates, benches, pavilions, and other decorative architecture of the Second Empire.
His principal basins and fountains were:.
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Louis Napoleon was captured by the Germans at the disastrous battle of Sedan in and lost his title. Davioud remained as the chief architect of fountains for the city. His first task was to repair the damage caused to the fountains by the German siege of Paris and the fighting during the suppression of the Paris Commune, which had destroyed the Tuilieries Palace and the Hotel de Ville.
Davioud instructed Carpeaux not to block he view of the Luxembourg Palace or the Paris Observatory, but otherwise he had freedom to design what he wanted. He proposed four figures representing the four corners of the world, holding aloft a celestial sphere, and trying to turn it. Work on the fountain was stopped because of the war in , but resumed in , and it was dedicated in The statues were cast in bronze, A basin was rebuilt, and the fountain opened in Later, in , six bronze amphibian animals spouting water sculpted by Georges Gardet were added to the basin.
The basin was removed in the to make way for the RER regional railway station, but the statues, without basin or water, are still there. The easternmost fountain, topped with Nymph fluviale 'Nymph of the river' , an work by Mathurin Moreau The project was begun in , but was interrupted by the war and not finished until According to Davioud's plan, two fountains were built. The sea nymph sculpture is by Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse and the four children at the base by Louis-Adolphe Eude ; the river nymph was made by Mathurin Moreau , and the four children at the base by Charles Gauthier.
A Wallace fountain , Pont Neuf , , one of 66 such cast-iron fountains placed around Paris by British industrialist and temperance activist Sir Richard Wallace.
Eight universal expositions took place in Paris between and , and each included fountains, both for decoration and for sale, which demonstrated the latest in technology and artistic styles. They introduced illuminated fountains, fountains which performed with music, fountains made of glass and concrete, and modern abstract fountains to Paris. The first such exposition, organized in by Louis Napoleon in response to the huge success of the Universal Exposition in London in , displayed cast-iron fountains, on the model of the Fontaine to Louvois of Visconti, which could be purchased by any town or city.
It was a column of glass five meters high, made up of caryatids of glass, each with a different decoration and size, each spraying a thin stream of water into the fountain below.
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At night the column was illuminated from within, and could change color. It was placed on a cross of concrete covered with decorated plates of glass, and in an ocagonal basin also decorated with colored and black tiles of glass. The cascades, fountains and basins of the Trocadero, built for the exposition, were completely rebuilt for the exposition. Two monumental statues, Apollon by Henri Bouchard and Hercule by Albert Pommier , were placed on the esplendade above the fountains.
The main feature was a long basin, or water mirror, with twelve fountain creating columns of water 12 meters high; twenty four smaller fountains four meters high; and ten arches of water. At one end, facing the Seine, were twenty powerful water cannon, able to project a jet of water fifty meters. Above the long basin were two smaller basins, linked with the lower basin by casades flanked by 32 sprays of water four meter high, in vasques. These fountains are the only exposition fountains which still exist today, and still function as they did. The exhibit also featured two more unusual fountains; a fountain in the Spanish pavilion by Alexander Calder , the Fontaine de Mercure , where a small metal structure created a flow of mercury , and a fountain of wine , imitating one once created for Louis XIV at Versailles.
The fountains were illuminated with different colors at night, but by electricity was no longer a novelty.
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The monumental fountain 'Cactus' from the Paris Colonial Exposition was 17 meters high, with water descending through twelve branches which each spouted water. Paris fountains in the 20th century no longer had to supply drinking water - they were purely decorative; and, since their water usually came from the river and not from the city adqueducts, their water was no longer drinkable. Twenty-eight new fountains were built in Paris between and ; nine new fountains between and ; four between and ; and fifteen between and The removal of the ring of fortifications around Paris created space for many new parks and squares.
Most of the new fountains were located in parks and other green spaces, and most were modest in scale. The biggest fountains of the period were those built for the International Expositions of , and , and for the Colonial Exposition of Of those, only the fountains from the exposition at the Palais de Chaillot still exist.
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See section above on Exposition fountains. The form of the classic Paris fountain of the 19th century, with a single or double circular vasque, nearly vanished during the 20th century. Several fountains were created to showcase statues made for other purposes, such as the statue "France brings peace and prosperity to the colonies", by sculptor Leon Drivier, originally atop the Palace of Colonies of the Colonial Exposition, which, after the exhibit closed, was moved to be the centerpiece of a new fountain, the Fontaine de Madeline, in place Eduouard Renard.
The subject matter of the new fountains also varied widely: Only a handful of fountains were built in Paris between and The most important ones built during that period were on the edges of the city, on the west, just outside the city limits, at La Defense, and to the east at the Bois de Vincennes.
More than one hundred fountains were built in Paris in the s and s, mostly in the neighbourhoods outside the centre of Paris, where there had been few fountains before.
The Mitterrand-Chirac fountains had no single style or theme. Many of the fountains were designed by famous sculptors or architects, such as Jean Tinguely , I. Pei , Claes Oldenburg and Daniel Buren , who had radically different ideas of what a fountain should be. Some of them, like the Pyramide de Louvre fountain, had glistening sheets of water; while in the Buren Fountain in the Palais-Royal , the water was invisible, hidden under the pavement of the fountain.
Some were solemn, and others were whimsical.
Most made little effort to blend with their surroundings - they were designed to attract attention. President Mitterrand and Culture Minister Lang were closely involved in many of the projects they commissioned. Mitterrand personally selected the architect of the Louvre project, and Lang negotiated the design of the Stravinsky Fountain with the sculptors, reducing the number of colorful "nanas" by Niki de Saint-Phalle from two to one.
Many of the fountains were built thanks to a change in the law for public financing of works of art, which required that one percent of the budget for the construction of a public building in Paris be devoted to artistic decoration. This law, originally passed in the s, was extended in the s so that the funding could be used to build art works in the squares and other public areas around the new building.
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It sounds like a recipe for chaos, but a common pastel palette and the clean lines of the bespoke furniture disguise the transitions. In the swimming pool, the tiles are overlaid with gold leaf. T he spa opens out into the second courtyard, which is perhaps the most impressive part of the renovation. The bedrooms have also been rationalised. There are now , down from , including 36 suites, and 10 exceptionally large signature suites: In the more run-of-the-mill rooms — praise the Lord — they get the small things right. You can turn on the shower without getting soaked by cold water; there are USB phone charging points by the bed, and the light switches not only operate in an entirely straightforward way, they have labels on them telling you what they do.
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