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All sector commanders were Bengali officers who had defected from the Pakistan Army. This started the Bangladesh Liberation War in which the freedom fighters , joined in December by , Indian soldiers , faced the Pakistani Armed Forces of , plus Paramilitary and collaborationist forces. An additional approximately 25, ill-equipped civilian volunteers and police forces also sided with the Pakistan Armed Forces.
Bloody guerrilla warfare ensued in East Pakistan. The Pakistan Armed Forces were unable to counter such threats. Poorly trained and inexperienced in guerrilla tactics, Pakistan Armed Forces and their assets were defeated by the Bangladesh Liberation Forces. General Tikka Khan led the massive violent and massacre campaigns in the region. He is held responsible for killing hundreds of thousands of Bengali people in East Pakistan, mostly civilians and unarmed peoples.
General Khan faced an international reaction against Pakistan, and therefore, General Tikka was removed as Commander of Eastern front. He installed a civilian administration under Abdul Motaleb Malik on 31 August , which proved to be ineffective. However, during the meeting, with no high officers willing to assume the command of East Pakistan, Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi volunteered for the command of East Pakistan. Inexperienced and the large magnitude of this assignment, the government sent Vice-Admiral Mohammad Shariff as second-in-command of General Niazi.
However, General Niazi proved to be a failure and ineffective ruler. Except Admiral Shariff who continued to press pressure on Indian Navy until the end of the conflict. Admiral Shariff's effective plans made it nearly impossible for Indian Navy to land its naval forces on the shores of East Pakistan. The Indian Army , entered East Pakistan from all three directions of the province. Over 93, personnel, including Lt. General Niazi and Admiral Shariff, were taken as prisoners of war. On 16 December , East Pakistan was liberated from Pakistan as the newly independent state of Bangladesh.
The Eastern Military High Command, civilian institutions and paramilitary forces were disbanded.
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In contrast to the desert and rugged mountainous terrain of West Pakistan, East Pakistan featured the world's largest delta , rivers and tropical hilly jungles. East Pakistan inherited 18 districts from British Bengal. In , Lower Tippera was renamed as Comilla. In , two new districts were created with Tangail separated from Mymensingh and Patuakhali from Bakerganj. East Pakistan's districts are listed in the following.
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The Chittagong Tea Auction was established in as the region was home to the world's largest tea plantations. The Ispahani family , Africawala brothers and the Adamjee family were pioneers of industrialization in the region. Many of modern Bangladesh's leading companies were born in the East Pakistan period.
By the s, East Bengal surpassed West Bengal in having the largest jute industries in the world. The Adamjee Jute Mills was the largest jute processing plant in history and its location in Narayanganj was nicknamed the Dundee of the East. Natural gas was discovered in the northeastern part of East Pakistan in by the Burmah Oil Company. Industrial use of natural gas began in Iran, an erstwhile leading oil producer, assisted in establishing the Eastern Refinery in Chittagong. In , Pakistan implemented the Kaptai Dam hydroelectric project in the southeastern part of East Pakistan with American assistance.
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It was the sole hydroelectric dam in East Pakistan. The project was controversial for displacing over 40, indigenous people from the area. Pakistani banknotes included Bengali script until A poster of the East Pakistan Helicopter Service. Although East Pakistan had a larger population, West Pakistan dominated the divided country politically and received more money from the common budget. According to the World Bank , there was much economic discrimination against East Pakistan, including higher government spending on West Pakistan, financial transfers from East to West and the use of the East's foreign exchange surpluses to finance the West's imports.
The discrimination occurred despite fact that East Pakistan generated a major share of Pakistan's exports. The annual rate of growth of the gross domestic product per capita was 4. Bengali politicians pushed for more autonomy, arguing that much of Pakistan's export earnings were generated in East Pakistan from the exportation of Bengali jute and tea. In , Mujib demanded that separate foreign exchange accounts be kept and that separate trade offices be opened overseas. By the mids, West Pakistan was benefiting from Ayub's "Decade of Progress" with its successful green revolution in wheat and from the expansion of markets for West Pakistani textiles, while East Pakistan's standard of living remained at an abysmally low level.
Bengalis were also upset that West Pakistan, the seat of the national government, received more foreign aid. The so-called Two Economies Theory suggested that East and West Pakistan had different economic features which should not be regulated by a federal government in Islamabad. The largest ethnic group of the province were Bengalis , who in turn were the largest ethnic group in Pakistan.
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They largely followed the religions of Buddhism , Christianity and Hinduism. A small Armenian and Jewish minority resided in East Pakistan. The Bangla Academy was established in At the time of partition, East Bengal had 80 cinemas. Pakistan Television established its second studio in Dacca after Lahore in Runa Laila was Pakistan's first pop star and became popular in India as well. Shabnam was a leading actress from East Pakistan.
Feroza Begum was a leading exponent of Bengali classical Nazrul geeti. Jasimuddin and Abbasuddin Ahmed promoted Bengali folk music. Bengalis were hugely under-represented in Pakistan's bureaucracy and military. Cultural discrimination also prevailed, causing the eastern wing to forge a distinct political identity. There was a bias against Bengali culture in state media, such as a ban on broadcasts of the works of Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore.
These two battalions boasted only five rifle companies between them an infantry battalion normally had 5 companies. Only one PAF combatant squadron, No. This combatant squadron was commanded by Air Force Major Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi , who later became a four-star general. The East Pakistan Navy had only one active-duty combatant destroyer, the PNS Sylhet ; one submarine Ghazi which was repeatedly deployed in West ; four gunboats, inadequate to function in deep water.
The joint special operations were managed and undertaken by the Naval Special Service Group SSG N who were assisted by the army, air force and marines unit. The entire service, the Marines were deployed in East Pakistan, initially tasked with conducting exercises and combat operations in riverine areas and at near shoreline. The small directorate of Naval Intelligence while the headquarters and personnel, facilities, and directions were coordinated by West had vital role in directing special and reconnaissance missions, and intelligence gathering, also was charged with taking reasonable actions to slow down the Indian threat.
All of these armed forces were commanded by the unified command structure, the Eastern Military High Command, led by an officer of three-star rank equivalent. The trauma was extremely severe in Pakistan when the news of secession of East Pakistan as Bangladesh arrived — a psychological setback, [7] complete and humiliating defeat that shattered the prestige of Pakistan Armed Forces. In a color ceremony where, Bhutto gave a daring speech to the nation on national television.
He launched and orchestrated the large-scale atomic bomb project in Beautiful land and Jeevay, Jeevay Pakistan lit. According to William Langewiesche , writing for The Atlantic , "it may seem obvious that the loss of Bangladesh was a blessing" [9] — but it has never been seen that way in Pakistan. Inside Stories from the Partition to the Present ", Indian politician Kuldip Nayar opined, "Losing East Pakistan and Bhutto's releasing of Mujib did not mean anything to Pakistan's policy — as if there was no liberation war. East Pakistan is an inseparable and inseverable part of Pakistan".
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Former province of Pakistan. This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. July Learn how and when to remove this template message. Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction. The Breakup of Pakistan —". Economic and Political Weekly. Retrieved 3 October Between Mosque and Military. The Death of a State. The defeat of the Pakistan army traumatized West Pakistan and considerably dented the prestige of the armed services The defeat suffered in Dacca and the break-up of the country traumatized the population from top to bottom.
Retrieved 31 July Thirty-four years later it may seem obvious that the loss of Bangladesh was a blessing—but it is still not seen so today in Pakistan, and it was certainly not seen so at the time One month after the surrender of Pakistan's army in Bangladesh [Bhutto] called a secret meeting of about seventy Pakistani scientists He asked them for a nuclear bomb, and they responded enthusiastically.
Archived from the original on 5 August Retrieved 25 March Inside Stories from Partition to the Present. Bengali Language Movement Barak Valley. Retrieved from " https: East Pakistan Former subdivisions of Pakistan History of Bangladesh History of Pakistan Former exclaves Bengal Bangladesh Liberation War Post-independence history of Pakistan s in Pakistan s in Pakistan s in Pakistan s in Bangladesh Former countries in Asia Former polities of the Cold War States and territories established in States and territories disestablished in establishments in Pakistan disestablishments in Pakistan disestablishments in Asia 20th century in Bangladesh Bangladesh—Pakistan relations.
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