Some of the Xhosa people claim descent from white people. The royal family of the ImiDushane , for example, is descended from Queen Gquma of the Mpondo , a white orphan that was adopted by a Xhosa chief after a shipwreck killed her parents. She later married an Mpondo prince, became his great wife , and served as queen during his reign as king of the Tshomane Mpondo.
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Interracial marriage was banned under apartheid. Today there are a number of high-profile interracial couples in Southern Africa, such as the unions of Mmusi Maimane a black opposition politician who serves as the Leader of the Opposition of South Africa and his white wife Natalie Maimane, Matthew Booth a white soccer player and his wife Sonia Bonneventia a black former Miss South Africa first princess and international model [] and Bryan Habana a coloured South African rugby union player and his white wife Janine Viljoen.
In the late 19th to early 20th century, Chinese men in Mauritius married Indian women due to both a lack of Chinese women and the higher numbers of Indian women on the island. In West Africa, a series of interracial marriages and relationships created a number of mixed race families in the various countries of the region. In Sierra Leone , marriages between representatives of British trading firms and princesses of the Sherbro people created a number of aristocratic families such as the Sherbro Tuckers and the Sherbro Caulkers.
Due to matrilineality, they have maintained their claims to their ancestral thrones. In Benin , meanwhile, the descendants of the Brazilian slavetrader Francisco Felix de Sousa and his harem of black consorts have contributed a number of prominent citizens.
In Ghana , a number of founding fathers had relationships with foreigners of other races: Their children would go on to become politicians like their father. At the start of the 21st century, their descendants were being led by their only son, Kwame Anthony Appiah. In addition to this, Dr. Danquah had a son with a British woman during his time in Britain. He would go on to become noted actor Paul Danquah. In Gabon , a woman by the name of Germaine Anina - daughter of a Gabonese tribal chief - married a Chinese trader and politician named Cheng Zhiping. Their son, Jean Ping , went on to serve as a minister in his mother's native country.
Lastly, a number of the first ladies in Francophone West Africa have been French: The Australian Government does not release information on the ethnicities of marriage partners, but provide information on their countries of birth. Indigenous Australians have a high interracial marriage rate. Most of the early Chinese-Australia population was formed by Cantonese migrants from Guangzhou and Taishan, including some from Fujian, who came during the goldrush period of the s.
Marriage records show that between the s and around the start of the 20th century, there were about legal marriages between white women and migrant Chinese men in Australia's eastern colonies, probably with similar numbers involved in de facto relationships of various kinds ex: Rallies against Chinese men taking white women became widespread, as many Australian men saw the Chinese men intermarrying and cohabiting with white women as a threat to the white race. In late there were marriages between European women and Chinese men, and couples cohabiting without matrimony, resulting in Eurasian children.
The Mongol invasion of Central Asia in the 13th century resulted in the massacre of the mostly Iranic population and other Indo-European people with intermarriage and assimilation. Caucasian ancestry is prevalent in almost all central Asian Turkic people. Turkmen have predominantly European Y-dna and Mtdna. The most common marriages are between Kazakh and Volga Tatars. Intermarriage usually involves Kazakh men, due to Muslim tradition favouring male over female.
Among Kazakh men in Uzbekistan, the structure of mixed marriages appeared as follows: Genetic analysis of the Hazara people indicate partial Mongolian ancestry. Mongols settled in what is now Afghanistan and mixed with native populations who spoke Persian. A second wave of mostly Chagatai Mongols came from Central Asia and were followed by other Mongolic groups, associated with the Ilkhanate and the Timurids , all of whom settled in Hazarajat and mixed with the local, mostly Persian-speaking population, forming a distinct group.
It also detected Sub-Saharan African lineages in both the paternal and maternal ancestry of Hazara.. Among the Hazara's there are 7. Moreover, Persians brought Buddhism to China and there is evidence of close relationship during its pre-Islamic times see An Shigao. Moreover, the arrival of Islam during the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century brought an influx of immigrants.
Due to the majority of these immigrants being male, many intermarried with Chinese females. Intermarriage was initially discouraged by the Tang Dynasty. In Lu Chun was appointed as governor of Canton, and was disgusted to find the Chinese living with foreigners and intermarrying. Lu enforced separation, banned interracial marriages, and made it illegal for foreigners to own property.
Lu Chun believed his principles were just and upright.
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In , the Tang dynasty issued an edict which forced Uighurs to wear their ethnic dress, stopped them from marrying Chinese females, and banned them from pretending to be Chinese. The magistrate who issued the orders may have wanted to protect "purity" in Chinese custom. Sometimes poverty influenced Uyghur women to marry Han men.
These marriages were not recognized by local mullahs since Muslim women were not allowed to marry non-Muslim men under Islamic law. This did not stop the women because they enjoyed advantages: Uyghur women married to Han men also did not have to wear a veil , and they received their husband's property upon his death. These women were forbidden from having burial in Muslim graves. The children of Han men and Uyghur women were considered to be Uyghur. Some Han soldiers had Uyghur women as temporary wives, and after their service was up, the wife was left behind or sold.
If it was possible, sons were taken, and daughters were sold. Iranian, Arab and Turkic women also occasionally migrated to China and mixed with Chinese. Iranian women dancers were in demand in China during this period. During the Sui dynasty, ten young dancers were sent from Persia to China. During the Tang dynasty , bars were often attended by Iranian or Sogdian waitresses who performed dances for clients.
Yao Yonggang et al. He then converted to Islam. In order to contain the violence, the Ming administration instituted a policy where all West and Central Asian males were required to intermarry with native Chinese females, hence assimilating them into the local population.
Their descendants are today known as the Hui people. There is a small but growing population of mixed marriages between male African mostly Nigerian traders and local Chinese women in the city of Guangzhou ; in there were an estimated African-Chinese families.
The state, fearing fraud marriages, has strictly regulated matters. In order to obtain government-issued identification which is required to attend school , children must be registered under the Chinese mother's family name. Many African fathers, fearing that in doing so, they would relinquish their parental rights, have instead chosen to not send their children to school. There are efforts to open an African-Chinese school but it would first require government authorization. In recent years, thousands of Indians have migrated to China. While the majority of these Indians are students, some are employees of multinational companies.
Most of these marriages are between Indian men and Chinese women. Some of these couples prefer to live in first, and depending on the circumstances marriages take place. Many Tanka women bore children with foreign men. Ernest John Eitel mentioned in how an important change had taken place among Eurasian girls, the offspring of illicit connections: Some believed many Hong Kong-born Eurasians were assimilated into the Hong Kong society by intermarriage with the Cantonese population. The world's most influential martial artist icon, Bruce Lee , was also born to parents of Hong Kong heritage to a Cantonese father and a Eurasian mother.
Some European women also married with Cantonese such as Hollywood sex symbol Nancy Kwan born to a Cantonese architect, [] and Marquita Scott, a Caucasian [] model of English and Scottish ancestry. Ernest John Eitel controversially claimed that most "half-caste" people in Hong Kong were descended exclusively from Europeans having relationships with Tanka women. The theory that most of the Eurasian mixed-race Hong Kong people are descended only from Tanka women and European men, and not ordinary Cantonese women, has been backed up by other researchers who pointed out that Tanka women freely consorted with foreigners because they were not bound by the same Confucian traditions as the Cantonese, and having relationships with European men was advantageous for Tanka women, but Lethbridge criticized it as "a 'myth' propagated by xenophobic Cantonese to account for the establishment of the Hong Kong Eurasian community".
Carl Smith's study in the late s on the protected women seems, to some degree, to support Eitel's theory. Smith says that the Tankas experienced certain restrictions within the traditional Chinese social structure. Being a group marginal to the traditional Chinese society of the Puntis Cantonese , they did not have the same social pressure in dealing with Europeans. The ordinary Cantonese women did not sleep with European men; the Eurasian population was formed mostly from Tanka and European admixture. They invaded Hongkong the moment the settlement was started, living at first on boats in the harbon with their numerons families, and gradually settling on shore.
They have maintained ever since almost a monopoly of the supply of pilots and ships' crews, of the fish trade and the cattle trade, but unfortunately also of the trade in girls and women. Strange to say, when the settlement was first started, it was estimated that some 2, of these Tan-ka lieople had flocked to Hongkong, but at the present time they are abont the same number, a tendency having set in among them to settle on shore rather than on the water and to disavow their Tan-ka extraction in order to mix on equal terms with the mass of the Chinese community.
The half-caste population in Hongkong were, from the earliest days of the settlement of the Colony and down to the present day, almost exclusively the off-spring of these Tan-ka people. But, like the Tan-ka people themselves, they are happily under the influence of a process of continuons re-absorption in the mass of the Chinese residents of the Colony. Elizabeth Wheeler Andrew — and Katharine Caroline Bushnell 5 February 26 January , who wrote extensively on the position of women in the British Empire, wrote about the Tanka inhabitants of Hong Kong and their position in the prostitution industry, catering to foreign sailors.
The Tanka did not marry with the Chinese; being descendants of the natives, they were restricted to the waterways. They supplied their women as prostitutes to British sailors and assisted the British in their military actions around Hong Kong. South Asians have been living in Hong Kong throughout the colonial period, before the partition of India into the nations of India and Pakistan. They migrated to Hong Kong and worked as police officers as well as army officers during colonial rule.
Interracial marriage
Due to a few Chinese living in Macau, the early Macanese ethnic group was formed from Portuguese men with Malay, Japanese, Indian women. Macanese men and women also married with the Portuguese and Chinese, and as a result some Macanese became indistinguishable from the Chinese or Portuguese population.
Because the majority of the population who migrated to Macau were Cantonese, Macau became a culturally Cantonese speaking society; other ethnic groups became fluent in Cantonese. Most Macanese had paternal Portuguese heritage until After the handover of Macau to China in many Macanese migrated to other countries. Many of the Portuguese and Macanese women who stayed in Macau married local Cantonese men, and many Macanese also now have Cantonese paternal heritage.
There are between 25, — 46, Macanese, only — of whom live in Macau, while most live in America, Latin America, and Portugal. Unlike the Macanese of Macau who are strictly of Chinese and Portuguese heritage, many Macanese living abroad are not entirely of Portuguese and Chinese ancestry.
Many Macanese men and women intermarried with the local population of America and Latin America, etc. Koxinga took Hambroek's teenage daughter as a concubine, [] [] [] and Dutch women were sold to Chinese soldiers to become their wives. In some of these Dutch wives were still captives of the Chinese.