Concerned about the economy, the increasing terrorist threat from Sendero Luminoso and MRTA, and allegations of official corruption, Alberto Fujimori assumed presidency in Faced with opposition to his reform efforts, Fujimori dissolved Congress in the auto-golpe "self-coup" of 5 April He then revised the constitution; called new congressional elections; and implemented substantial economic reform, including privatization of numerous state-owned companies, creation of an investment-friendly climate, and sound management of the economy.
Fujimori's administration was dogged by insurgent groups, most notably the Sendero Luminoso , who carried out terrorist campaigns across the country throughout the s and s. Fujimori cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces and the insurgents: Those incidents subsequently came to symbolize the human rights violations committed in the last years of violence.
During early , once again Peru and Ecuador clashed in the Cenepa War , but in the governments of both nations signed a peace treaty that clearly demarcated the international boundary between them. In November , Fujimori resigned from office and went into a self-imposed exile, avoiding prosecution for human rights violations and corruption charges by the new Peruvian authorities.
Since the end of the Fujimori regime, Peru has tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth.
Afterwards Alejandro Toledo became president in to In April former president Alberto Fujimori was convicted of human rights violations and sentenced to 25 years in prison for his role in killings and kidnappings by the Grupo Colina death squad during his government's battle against leftist guerrillas in the s. During his presidency, Prime Minister Ana Jara and her cabinet were successfully censured , which was the first time in 50 years that a cabinet had been forced to resign from the Peruvian legislature.
Peru is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system. The Peruvian government is directly elected , and voting is compulsory for all citizens aged 18 to Peruvian foreign relations have historically been dominated by border conflicts with neighboring countries, most of which were settled during the 20th century. It is also a participant in international organizations such as the Organization of American States and the United Nations. Former President Fujimori's tainted re-election to a third term in June strained Peru's relations with the United States and with many Latin American and European countries, but relations improved with the installation of an interim government in November and the inauguration of Alejandro Toledo in July after free and fair elections.
Peru is planning full integration into the Andean Free Trade Area. During the crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela , Peru participated in a leading role to help mediate the situation in Venezuela by being active within the Lima Group. Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.
As a secondary mission they participate in economic and social development as well as in civil defense tasks. The National Police of Peru is often classified as a part of the armed forces. Although in fact it has a different organization and a wholly civil mission, its training and activities over more than two decades as an anti-terrorist force have produced markedly military characteristics, giving it the appearance of a virtual fourth military service with significant land, sea and air capabilities and approximately , personnel.
Peru is divided into 25 regions and the province of Lima. Each region has an elected government composed of a president and council that serve four-year terms. NGOs played an important role in the decentralization process and still influence local politics. Several metropolitan areas are defined for Peru — these overlap the district areas, and have limited authority.
The largest of them, the Lima metropolitan area , is the seventh- largest metropolis in the Americas. It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Andes mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically.
The costa coast , to the west, is a narrow plain, largely arid except for valleys created by seasonal rivers.
Please Update Your Browser
Almost 60 percent of the country's area is located within this region. Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three basins. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the Amazon River have a much larger flow, and are longer and less steep once they exit the sierra. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow. The coastal region has moderate temperatures, low precipitations, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches.
Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity with 21, species of plants and animals reported as of , 5, of them endemic. Peru has over 1, species of birds endemic , and species of mammals and over species of reptiles. The Birds of Peru produce large amounts of guano , an economically important export. The Pacific holds large quantities of sea bass , flounder , anchovies , tuna , crustaceans , and shellfish , and is home to many sharks , sperm whales , and whales.
Peru also has an equally diverse flora. The coastal deserts produce little more than cacti , apart from hilly fog oases and river valleys that contain unique plant life. The cloud-forest slopes of the Andes sustain moss , orchids , and bromeliads, and the Amazon rainforest is known for its variety of trees and canopy plants.
The economy of Peru is the 48th largest in the world ranked by PPP , [82] and the income level is classified as upper middle by the World Bank. Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over the past decades. The — government of Juan Velasco Alvarado introduced radical reforms, which included agrarian reform , the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an economic planning system , and the creation of a large state-owned sector.
These measures failed to achieve their objectives of income redistribution and the end of economic dependence on developed nations. Despite these results, most reforms were not reversed until the s, when the liberalizing government of Alberto Fujimori ended price controls , protectionism , restrictions on foreign direct investment , and most state ownership of companies.
Nevertheless, many challenges remain, such as:. Peru is a multiethnic nation formed by successive waves of different peoples over five centuries. Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers under colonial rule, mixing widely with each other and with indigenous peoples. As of [update] , According to the Peruvian Constitution of , Peru's official languages are Spanish and Quechua , Aymara and other indigenous languages in areas where they predominate. Spanish is spoken by Spanish is used by the government and is the mainstream language of the country, which is used by the media and in educational systems and commerce.
Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the Amazon basin. Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a language divide between the coast where Spanish is more predominant over the Amerindian languages, and the more diverse traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands.
The indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional indigenous languages, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Spanish language. There has been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where Quechua is spoken.
Gay life in Peru: interview with our friend Aaron from Lima - Nomadic Boys
Roman Catholicism has been the predominant faith in Peru for centuries, albeit with a high degree of syncretism with indigenous traditions. Amerindian religious traditions continue to play a major role in the beliefs of Peruvians. Amerindian festivities from pre-Columbian remain widespread; Inti Raymi , an ancient Inca festival, is still celebrated, especially in rural communities. The majority of towns, cities, and villages have their own official church or cathedral and patron saint. Peru's literacy rate is estimated at Peru has a life expectancy of Many of the Peruvian toponyms have indigenous sources.
Their Spanish-based orthography, however, is in conflict with the normalized alphabets of these languages. Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Amerindian and Spanish traditions, [] though it has also been influenced by various Asian, African, and other European ethnic groups. Peruvian artistic traditions date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of Pre-Inca cultures.
Holistic dating site for Hawaiian Singles
The Incas maintained these crafts and made architectural achievements including the construction of Machu Picchu. Baroque dominated colonial art, though modified by native traditions. During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the Cusco School are representative. Peruvian literature is rooted in the oral traditions of pre-Columbian civilizations. Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included chronicles and religious literature.
After independence, Costumbrism and Romanticism became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of Ricardo Palma.
Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking. Peruvian music has Andean, Spanish, and African roots. Peruvian folk dances include marinera , tondero , zamacueca , diablada and huayno. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Peru disambiguation. Quechua Aymara Other indigenous languages.
List of ethnic groups. Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire and Viceroyalty of Peru. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. July Learn how and when to remove this template message. Peruvian War of Independence. Foreign relations of Peru.
Administrative divisions of Peru. List of metropolitan areas of Peru. Buildings in Lima's financial district of San Isidro , and the Callao seaport, Peru's main export outlet.
- Meet new people in Peru.
- im catholic dating a muslim male?
- half price hookup columbus ohio?
- free online internet dating?
Water supply and sanitation in Peru and Water resources management in Peru.